Research Roundup: J&J and Novavax release vaccine efficacy data, Regeneron drug provides "passive vaccination" in trial

2020 was a devastating year for global health. A previously unknown virus raced around the world, rapidly emerging as one of its top killers, laying bare the inadequacies of health systems, and setting back decades of hard-won progress in fighting infectious diseases and improving maternal and child health.Yet as the first major multilateral convening of 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) Executive Board (EB) meeting, came to a close last week, there was a sense that with the turn of the calendar also comes a fresh sense of palpable optimism that the stage is set for meaningful reforms to build a smarter, more responsive international system for public health and emergency preparedness. This includes opportunities to strengthen the research and development (R&D) ecosystem both for dealing with the ongoing and future pandemics, as well as enduring global health challenges.Leaders push for global effort to “Build Back Better”Member states spent a vast portion of their time during the EB reviewing WHO and global preparedness systems, including the International Health Regulations (IHR)—which govern countries’ obligations for health preparedness—highlighting areas of reform and proposed changes that would make them fit for purpose. Some member states even raised the idea of a pandemic “treaty” that would strengthen the legal requirements attached to the IHR. Encouragingly, while integrating R&D was not a core theme of that dialogue, the notion of ensuring that R&D is a central pillar of the global health security architecture is becoming more mainstream. The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, which was established by the World Health Assembly (WHA) to assess and recommend actions to strengthen WHO and other global institutions, even highlighted in its progress report that was presented at the EB that “the effective flow and access of new diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to the populations most in need, based on equitable public health criteria, must be the central plank of international co-operative efforts.”As these proposals gain steam, the importance of the Biden-Harris administration’s move to reverse US withdrawal from WHO and recommitment to the institution cannot be overstated. US participation not only strengthens WHO, through funding, technical expertise, and support for research capacity, but also allows global leaders to finally move past some of the political impediments to progress that hampered the overall reform dialogues. Stakeholders can now develop a road map for change that ensures that global response mechanisms are in place to prevent the next pandemic and address the need for stronger governance of research coordination.US reengagement in multilateralism could boost R&D in other multilateral initiatives and foraIn addition to reengaging with WHO, the Biden-Harris administration also announced that the United States will participate in the COVAX Facility, an international effort to develop and equitably distribute vaccines, and donate any surplus vaccines to the cause. Taken together with its announcements of new deals for Pfizer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccines, the global effort received a crucial shot in the arm just as stakeholders across the world expressed criticism for slow rollouts and a lack of access to doses for low-income countries. While equity and access will remain major challenges in the short term, this is a step in the right direction and is renewing hope for COVAX to fulfill its mission.The change in US leadership may also benefit other multilateral fora, including the G20 and G7, where concrete action and global health dialogues were often stalled the past four years as countries struggled to find a compromise with the US government’s erratic approach to multilateral engagement. A central focus this year will be a new push for sustainable and innovative financing for pandemic preparedness, and GHTC hopes that this scope will be expanded to address research capacity-building for other health areas. In particular, international financial institutions (IFIs) could play a larger role in providing more stable sources of investment for expanding regional research, late-stage clinical trial, and manufacturing capabilities. Last year, the World Bank already took steps toward implementing new mechanisms to help countries finance the purchase and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and other health technologies, and there should be continued dialogue around what the Bank and other IFIs can do to advance capacity-building not just for emerging infectious diseases but other key health R&D priorities in low- and middle-income countries.Recommitting to the fight against other global health challenges, not just COVID-19 The WHO EB meeting also signaled a desire by member states to reassert the importance of other global health priorities, including antimicrobial resistance, the Immunization Agenda 2030, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and continued discussions around intellectual property. For much of 2020, these WHA workstreams were delayed and stalled as the global community focused almost exclusively on COVID-19. It was therefore encouraging to see global leaders push ahead once more, knowing the dangers of falling further behind.Much of the discussion at the EB centered around accountability and implementation, creating concrete pathways for driving impact in these key areas. Many member states also framed the discussion in a holistic way, highlighting the need for strengthening health systems. Throughout 2020, advocates including GHTC have highlighted how the pandemic underscores both the need and opportunity to make sweeping changes to how global, regional, and country mechanisms support R&D not just for the current and next pandemic, but also for long-standing challenges like malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and NTDs, and for R&D capacity-strengthening to be seen as a key facet of health systems strengthening efforts.Make no mistake, the battle against COVID-19 will continue to dominate the international agenda in the months ahead. But global leaders are starting to recognize that we must concurrently move to build a better, more resilient global health architecture and ensure that we continue the investment in systems and institutions that accelerate the development of new tools and technologies to tackle the global health challenges of the 21st century. 

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign-up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday approved Cabenuva as the first long-acting injectable HIV treatment for patients in stable condition. Cabenuva—a combination of cabotegravir and rilpivirine, injected separately—was shown in clinical trials to suppress HIV to undetectable levels for two years when administered once a month. The monthly injectable medication regimen, developed by ViiV Healthcare, will pose an alternative to existing HIV treatment methods that require daily pills. However, the Cabenuva approval covers only stable HIV patients—those who took daily pills and had undetectable HIV levels before entering the trial—while an ongoing trial is evaluating its efficacy in people unable to take regular oral medications. The list price of the newly approved treatment is roughly $6,000 for the initial dose, followed by around $4,000 per month.Newly inaugurated President Joe Biden last week reversed the former administration’s request to withdraw the United States from the World Health Organization (WHO) and indicated the country will support the WHO-led Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, including its global vaccine initiative known as COVAX. The ACT Accelerator aims to ensure all countries have access to COVID-19 treatments, diagnostics, and vaccines, with COVAX intending to secure and distribute 2 billion vaccine doses by the end of 2021—a goal for which fundraising targets remain unmet. The United States has historically been the largest donor to WHO, providing financial support for a wide range of program areas, including pandemic preparedness. In remarks during the WHO Executive Board meeting Thursday, Dr. Anthony Fauci announced the United States’ commitment to WHO and the global COVID-19 response, and WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus welcomed the renewed partnership.On Thursday, Eli Lilly announced its monoclonal antibody prevented COVID-19 infections in a clinical trial among nursing home residents and facility staff. The trial results, released in a press release from the company and currently not published or peer reviewed, showed symptomatic COVID-19 infections were reduced by 57 percent among all participants and by 80 percent among just nursing home residents. Eli Lilly’s chief scientific officer emphasized that the antibody should not be seen as competition to vaccines, but that it could be useful during COVID-19 outbreaks in places vaccines have not reached. The antibody, bamlanivimab, was authorized by the FDA in November to treat COVID-19 patients at risk of severe disease, and Eli Lilly plans to discuss with the FDA whether a new emergency authorization is needed for use in COVID-19 prevention.