Breakthroughs Blog: Vaccines

In 2023, tuberculosis (TB) retook the spot as the world’s leading infectious disease killer from COVID-19, claiming the lives of around 1.25 million people that year. Insufficient and inadequate tools and treatments and growing drug resistance have challenged global efforts to bring the TB epidemic to an end. In 2023, approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB, the highest number recorded since the World Health Organization (WHO) began global TB monitoring in 1995. At the same time, global funding for TB diagnostic, treatment, and prevention services fell in 2023 and globally, TB research remains greatly underfunded, with only 24 percent of the $5 billion annual target reached in 2023. Scientists hope that the tide can be turned as new technologies and innovations advance to market—but to achieve that, more investment is urgently needed to boost resources and reverse setbacks. In recognition of World TB Day, test your knowledge of innovations to end TB with GHTC’s quiz: 

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. An experimental hormone-free birth control pill for men appears to be safe and well-tolerated in an early-stage, in-human study and successfully prevented sperm production in mammal studies. The drug, YCT-529, is being developed by YourChoice Therapeutics and Quotient Sciences and works by interfering with the vitamin A signaling necessary for sperm production. There are no male birth control pills available, but, in the future, an option like YCT-529 could help prevent unwanted pregnancies and reduce the burden traditionally placed on women for contraception.Last week, an international team of researchers reported that their Phase 3 clinical trial found that a vaccine that protects against five strains of meningitis is safe and effective, a finding that supports is use in routine childhood immunization programs in high-burden countries. The trial was conducted in babies and toddlers in Mali, one of the countries in the sub-Saharan African meningitis belt, so-called because of its high incidence rates and regular large-scale epidemics of meningitis. Previous trials demonstrated positive results for the vaccine in children over 12 months and adults. The vaccine could be a game-changer for meningitis control, and its affordability would also enable broad scale-up.Gilead recently published early data suggesting that a new formulation of its drug, lenacapavir, could be used to prevent HIV infection with just one shot per year. These exciting results follow data published last year that the drug could provide virtually complete protection with a twice-a-year shot. Reducing the dosage even further will only improve adherence by reducing the cost and burden on those taking the drug and their health care providers. The two-dose formulation of the drug is already under regulatory review, but Gilead is planning a Phase 3 trial of the once-yearly version to begin later this year.

There is a well-known Chinese proverb that says, “Women hold up half the sky,” but when it comes to global health, sadly, humanity has a lot of ground to make up to close the stark gap between the health outcomes of women and men.While women tend to live longer than men, this longevity often comes with a greater burden of disease and disability, underscoring the urgency of addressing sex-based disparities in health care. Women, on average, spend 25 percent more of their lives in poor health compared to men, they are 52 percent more likely than men to have an adverse drug reaction and 29 percent more likely to die from one, and they’ve been found in one multi-decade study to be diagnosed later than men for more than 700 diseases. Research and development (R&D) for female-specific conditions also remains vastly underfunded: only 1 percent of R&D funding focuses on non-cancer-related women’s health.Yet despite these sobering statistics and new threats to the future of women’s health care and research funding, GHTC remains optimistic. With sustained support and investment, the scientific landscape holds immense potential to drive breakthroughs that can close these gaps and improve health outcomes for women worldwide.Thus, in recognition of International Women’s Day, GHTC is spotlighting five promising technologies in the research pipeline that could improve women’s health globally.1. A new treatment for gonorrheaGonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection, more prevalent among women than men, that can cause serious health issues—from pelvic inflammatory disease to infertility and ectopic pregnancies—if left untreated. Combating gonorrhea has become more complicated in recent years, as growing drug resistance has reduced the arsenal of available treatment options.But, excitingly, a new, much-needed breakthrough is on the brink. A first-in-class antibiotic, zoliflodacin, developed by GHTC member the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, was found to be effective in a large-scale global Phase 3 clinical trial in 2023. If approved, it would become the first new antibiotic for treating gonorrhea in decades. The drug is also taken orally, which would simplify treatment administration for clinicians around the world, and its nonprofit developer, which is committed to delivering affordable access to the product, has the right to commercialize it in more than three-quarters of the world’s countries, including all low-income countries and most middle-income countries. Another second promising antibiotic for gonorrhea from GSK, gepotidacin, is also in late-stage development.2. A therapeutic vaccine for cervical cancerCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, claiming the lives of 350,000 women each year. Nine out of every ten cases of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.Since the introduction of the first preventative HPV vaccine nearly two decades ago, global efforts have focused on expanding immunization coverage worldwide, as well as advancing research that has reduced vaccine schedules from multiple doses to just a single dose, easing administrative costs. Yet, despite these efforts, there remain significant gaps in immunization coverage—only 27 percent of girls worldwide received an HPV vaccine dose as of 2023—underscoring the need for additional complementary treatment and prevention tools.That’s where therapeutic cervical cancer vaccines could offer promise. What if we could administer a shot to patients who have already developed precancerous lesions due to HPV that could eliminate HPV-infected calls before those cells become cancerous? This theoretical possibility could become a reality in the future. A Phase II trial of the investigational therapeutic HPV vaccine Vvax001 reported results in January, finding that the vaccine successfully induced regression of precancerous lesions in half of all trial participants. Among patients with advanced precancerous lesions, the traditional intervention is surgery to remove the affected areas, which carries the risk of side effects and complications. An effective therapeutic vaccine could reduce the number of patients who ultimately require surgery and offer advantages as an intervention that is far easier and less costly to administer in resource-limited settings worldwide.3. Inhalable oxytocin to reduce PPHPostpartum hemorrhage (PPH), or excessive bleeding after childbirth, is the leading cause of maternal deaths worldwide. While the hormone oxytocin is often administered to women following childbirth to prevent PPH by causing the uterus to contract, oxytocin products are traditionally heat-sensitive and administered via injection or intravenously, which can make this intervention challenging to administer in certain settings around the world.To solve this issue, researchers at Monash University have developed an inhalable form of oxytocin that is formulated as a dry powder requiring no refrigeration. Prior clinical research has shown that the product is comparable in effect to injected oxytocin, and now, scientists are advancing research on the best means to administer it. In late 2023, a Phase I trial assessed administration of the product using a low-cost inhaler system called the ICOone. If this product ultimately reaches the market, it could offer a much-needed alternative that would make this lifesaving drug easier to store and administer to women in need, no matter where they live.4. Biodegradable contraceptive implantsMany women worldwide choose to use contraceptive implants as their contraceptive method. These products offer unique advantages for certain women: they are long-acting and easy to use; once inserted, there is no need for users to take or do anything on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. But eventually, they must be removed when they are no longer effective or when users change their reproductive plans. This removal procedure requires trained health care providers, and it can create an access barrier for women worldwide who live far away from health care facilities.That’s why researchers are working to advance biodegradable implants, which would dissolve into the body over time, eliminating the need for removal. In February 2024, GHTC member FHI 360 launched a Phase 1 trial of a biodegradable implant, Casea S, which aims to prevent pregnancy for 18 to 24 months. At the time, it marked the first biodegradable contraceptive implant to undergo human trials in over 20 years. While the trial will still take a few years to complete and further research will be required, if the implant is successful, it could not only help solve health care access challenges but could also address a middle-ground need between existing implants that last years and long-acting injectables, which usually last three months. FHI 360 also has a second biodegradable contraceptive implant in its portfolio, which is in early-stage development and uses a different contraceptive hormone.5. A new drug to prevent preeclampsiaPreeclampsia is a dangerous pregnancy-related condition that affects between 2 and 10 percent of pregnancies worldwide and claims the lives of more than 70,000 mothers and 50,000 babies each year. While low-dose aspirin and calcium supplements are recommended to women who are at high risk of the condition, there is currently no medicine approved specifically to prevent preeclampsia. That could change in the coming years thanks to emerging research.A British biotech company has developed an investigational, once-daily oral drug, MZe786, to prevent preeclampsia, which is in early-stage development. In animal studies, the drug, which is a form of aspirin that also releases hydrogen sulfide, elicited an improvement in maternal and fetal outcomes compared to aspirin alone. While further confirmation of these effects in human clinical trials is needed and it could be many years before such a product potentially reaches market, in 2022, the drug was awarded a fast-track development status by the United Kingdom’s regulatory agency, becoming the first pregnancy-related drug to receive this status, signifying its potential to address an urgent and unmet need.All five of these promising products are inspiring examples of the stepwise progress achieved through past investments in women’s health research, but we also hope that they will serve as a rallying cry to what more could be possible if we were to devote adequate resources to addressing these challenges.This International Women’s Day, we hope that the global community will further commit to investing in innovations for women’s health and to expanding the representation of women in clinical research. After all, closing the women’s health gap is not only essential to the well-being and future of millions of women and girls worldwide, but it will also enrich the well-being and economic stability of their families, communities, and nations. It’s a responsibility and opportunity we can’t ignore.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A team of Brazilian researchers has developed a simple test that can detect exposure to any of the four strains of dengue virus, as well as the Zika virus, as dengue cases continue to rise to a concerning degree in the region. The test was first validated with blood samples from mice experimentally infected with the viruses and then with hundreds of blood samples donated by people during the 2015-2017 Brazilian Zika epidemic. It uses technology that can be easily adapted for use in automated systems and rapid point-of-care tests and could serve as a key tool in the case of a Zika outbreak, allowing health care providers to test the immunity of at-risk groups while accounting for the possibility of cross-reactivity with antibodies produced after infection by dengue.Last week, IAVI and Biofabri announced that the first doses of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate MTBVAC have been administered in a critical large-scale Phase 2b trial testing the safety and efficacy of MTBVAC to prevent active TB lung disease in adolescents and adults. While there is a vaccine for TB, it is more than 100 years old and has limited efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB, the most common form in adults. A new vaccine could be a game changer in the global fight against this leading infectious disease. MTBVAC is also a single-shot vaccine, making it easier to administer in low-resource and remote settings, and the partners developing it are committed to ensuring that, if proven successful in further trials, there will be a sufficient, affordable supply in the places where it is most needed.The Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) last week announced a $2 million award to Immunethep to develop a vaccine against invasive strains of Escherichia coli. The funding will support work on a conjugate peptide-based vaccine candidate designed to induce immunity to E coli, which can cause serious, life-threatening infections that are becoming harder to treat with the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. There are currently no vaccines for E coli. The candidate has demonstrated efficacy against E coli, as well as four other priority bacterial pathogens in animal models, and, if it continues to prove successful, could be a key tool for preventing serious bacterial infections in vulnerable populations.