In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Writing in The Lancet Global Health Blog, GHTC member Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) highlights the need to fill research gaps for the development of global health tools for neglected diseases and how open access to data can be one way solve this problem. DNDi has created a public data-sharing page to provide freely accessible datasets from clinical studies. By re-engineering a chain of amino acids in one type of dengue virus, scientists could have discovered a new path toward developing a vaccine against the disease. This new technique has the potential to impact the development of other diseases, including HIV and AIDS. Increasing resistance to insecticidescontinues to become an increasing threat to the effectiveness of malaria vector control. A new study shows that a DNA-based resistance marker in mosquitos could provide a tool to understand the evolution of resistance and aid in the development of resistance management strategies. Scientists have found a new way to reduce the cost of administering the Meningitis A vaccine—MenAfriVac—by half. Researchers in Benin found that storing the vaccine in chains up to 40 degree Celsius was just as effective as storing in colder conditions of two to eight degrees Celsius. The findings could provide a way to lower the cost of the vaccine because the costs associated with refrigeration will not need to be included in the final cost.

Most of us know what it’s like to be bitten by a mosquito. For those of us in non-malarious countries, the itchy sensation afterward is more annoying than anything, but it eventually goes away. I think it’s probably also safe to say that most people know that malaria is spread by mosquito bites. However, what’s less talked about are the different species of malaria and the need for different treatments depending on the type one has. The most deadly type of malaria is Plasmodium falciparum, and is most common in sub-Saharan Africa. However, another type—Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)—tends to be the most difficult to cure. P. vivax malaria lives dormant in the liver and can relapse, causing malaria again anywhere between a few weeks and several months after the initial bite. It’s most prevalent in South and South East Asia, Latin America, and the horn of Africa and is responsible for 70-390 million cases of malaria per year. You may be asking yourself, “what’s the point of me telling you all this?” At the tail end of 2013, we heard the news that an investigational antimalarial drug—tafenoquine—for the treatment and radical cure of P. vivax had completed a Phase IIb study. Tafenoquine is being developed by GHTC member Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)—a nonprofit working to reduce the burden of malaria by discovering, developing, and facilitating the delivery of new and effective antimalarial drugs—and the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The results of the Phase IIb study were published in The Lancet last December.   The most deadly type of malaria is Plasmodium falciparum, and is most common in sub-Saharan Africa. However, another type—Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)—tends to be the most difficult to cure. P. vivax malaria lives dormant in the liver and can relapse, causing malaria again anywhere between a few weeks and several months after the initial bite. Photo: PATH/Evelyn Hockstein Shortly afterwards, in light of the preliminary clinical evidence and in response to GSK’s application, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for tafenoquine. Under the designation, the FDA will work closely with the sponsors (GSK and MMV) to provide guidance to expedite the development of tafenoquine. If approved, tafenoquine offers the potential for a single dose option. However, tafenoquine still has to go through more clinical trials, and regulatory review and approval before patients are potentially able to receive treatment for P. vivax malaria. Regardless, both the completion of the Phase IIb clinical trial and it being designated FDA Breakthrough Therapy status are encouraging news that should be told. It’s true there has been much progress in fighting malaria over the years, but hundreds of thousands of people still die each year from P. falciparum and many more suffer the subtle, chronic effects of repeated infection with P. vivax so further research efforts to tackle malaria are still required. Global health research has created lifesaving health tools that have contributed to some of the most astounding public health successes—both domestically and abroad. Research such as that being taken on by MMV and other nonprofit product developers should be supported so that new and much-needed technologies can be developed and eventually accessed by those that need them most. Research in malaria is clearly needed to develop additional tools in the arsenal against a potentially deadly mosquito bite.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. A new report sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation examines the need for post-market surveillance for new drugs and vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. The report is based off the findings from the Safety Surveillance Working Group, and provides recommendations stakeholders should take to strengthen post-market surveillance of global health products. The University of South Florida’s Center for Drug Development and Innovation, and the College of Public Health’s Department of Global Health have been awarded a grant of $2.1 million from the National Institutes of Health. The focus of the research will be to see how parasites, like malaria, grow. At a recent event in Washington, DC, US Agency for International Development (USAID) Administrator Rajiv Shah underscored the agency’s commitment to public-private partnerships. According to Devex, 40 percent of USAID’s resources are programmed through public-private partnerships. New studies show that patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and HIV and AIDS have a higher chance of living if they take simultaneous treatment for both diseases, as oppose to waiting to take HIV and AIDS treatment. The initial study was small in size, but concurs with three previous major studies of people with regular TB and HIV and AIDS.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. The University of Dundee in Scotland has developed a new antimalarial compound in their Drug Discovery Unit that has been selected by GHTC member Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) for further preclinical development. According to Dr. Kevin Read, co-project leader at University of Dundee, the compound will now undergo scale-up and further testing with the goal of entering human clinical trials in the next 18 months. In a Q&A, PATH Technology Solutions Program Leader Anurag Mairal writes about product development and distribution challenges in global health. Mairal writes: “The biggest challenge with all of these great innovations is that they’re sometimes disconnected from the realities of what is needed on the ground in low-resource settings. The hurdles that innovative ideas face before they can become a sustainable global health solution are many.” The US government has launched a new initiative to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats around the world. The initiative aims to improve security at infectious disease laboratories, strengthen immunization programs, and set up emergency response centers to deal with outbreaks. The Lancet writes about the progress made in the tuberculosis drug pipeline, and the implications for future treatments against the disease. The author notes that while recent developments have been very promising, the health of the pipeline rests in nine candidates—all of which are still in preclinical development.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. Japan’s National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), GHTC member Aeras, and Create Vaccine Company have entered an agreement to collaborate on preclinical and clinical development of new tuberculosis vaccines. The partnership will advance vaccine candidates with the NIBIO technology through preclinical studies, with the goal of eventually testing candidates at clinical trial stages. According to SciDev, the UK Department for International Development (DFID)’s budget for research and development has fallen under the current government. DFID’s research budget in 2011-2012 was £11 million—or about US$18 million—below the £237 million that was available in 2009-2010, prior to the coalition government coming to power. In response to a US congressman, Roger Glass—director of the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)—made the case for global health research supported by NIH. Glass writes: “In almost every branch of medicine, research overseas has allowed us to advance our discoveries faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than we ever could have at home. We are leaders in global health because we have been able to reach out and engage others to do studies that are locally relevant but can have clear implications for us at home. Global health research truly is the new frontier of science.” amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research has launched a new initiative—called Countdown to a Cure—aimed at funding a “broadly applicable cure for HIV by 2020.” The initiative plans to invest $100 million in cure research over the next six years.

In this regular feature on Breakthroughs, we highlight some of the most interesting reads in global health research from the past week. In this year’s State of the Union, President Obama mentioned “federally-funded research” and recognized that “there are entire industries based on vaccines that stay ahead of drug-resistant bacteria.” While a modest statement, the President’s recognition of these important US contributions to global health is significant. Last week during the World Health Organization Executive Board meeting, Member States met to discuss moving forward on eight demonstration projects that would look at new ways to spur research and development (R&D) for diseases that affect populations in low- and middle-income countries. However, some advocates were disappointed that the topic of alternative funding mechanisms for global health R&D was not substantively debated. The US Agency for International Development (USAID) announced this week that the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) 004 Tenofovir gel trial was the winner of the agency’s Science and Technology Pioneers Prize. The prize recognizes “excellence in the use of science and technology to solve development challenges.” This is the first year USAID has awarded the prize. The Swiss Federal Department of Home Affairs and the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to improve access to health interventions through the strengthening of regulatory systems. The partnership could improve and accelerate access to health interventions and therapeutic products in resource-constraint countries.